Enfermedad de Kawasaki. Revisión de la literatura
Palabras clave:
Enfermedad de Kawasaki, incompleto, atípico, aneurisma, Inmunoglobulina intravenosa, corticoides, infliximab.Resumen
La Enfermedad de Kawasaki (EK) es una vasculitis sistémica febril, con predilección por las arterias de pequeño y mediano calibre, cuya complicación más frecuente es la dilatación aneurismática de las arterias coronarias. Actualmente es la primera causa de cardiopatía adquirida en la infancia en los países desarrollados. El propósito de esta revisión es conocer las características clínicas y las posibles formas de presentación de esta patología, además del tratamiento actual.
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1. Newburger JW, Takahashi M, Gerber MA, Gewitz MH, Tani LY, Burns JC, Shulman ST, Bolger AF, Ferrieri P, Baltimore RS, Wilson WR, Baddour LM, Levison ME, Pallasch TJ, Falace DA, Taubert KA. Diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management of Kawasaki disease: a statement for health professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, American Heart Association. Pediatrics. 2004;114(6):1708-33. [ Links ]
2. Manlhiot C, Christie E, McCrindle BW, Rosenberg H, Chahal N, Yeung RS. Complete and incomplete Kawasaki disease: two sides of the same coin. Eur J Pediatr. 2012;171(4):657-62. [ Links ]
3. Tullus K, Marks SD. Vasculitis in children and adolescents: clinical presentation, etiopathogenesis, and treatment. Pediatric Drugs. 2009;11(6):375-80. [ Links ]
4. Kawasaki T. Acute febrile mucocutaneous syndrome with lymphoid involvement with specific desquamation of the fingers and toes in children. Pediatrics. 1967;16(3):178-22. [ Links ]
5. Onouchi Y. Genetics of Kawasaki disease: what we know and don´t know. Circulation Journal. 2012;76(7):1581-86. [ Links ]
6. Schlievert PM. Role of superantigens in human disease. J Infect Dis. 1993;167:997-1002. [ Links ]
7. Sissons JGP. Superantigens and infections disease. Lancet. 1993;341:1627-29. [ Links ]
8. Takahashi K, Oharaseki T, Yokouchi Y. Update on etio and immunopathogenesis of Kawasaki disease. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2014;26(1):31-36. [ Links ]
9. Yanagawa H, Nakamura Y, Yashiro M, Ojima T, Tanihara S, Oki I, Zhang T. Results of the nationwide epidemiologic survey of Kawasaki disease in 1995 and 1996 in Japan. Pediatrics. 1998;102(6):e65. [ Links ]
10. Burns JC, Glode MP, Clarke SH, Wiggins J Jr, Hathaway WE. Coagulopathy and platelet activation in Kawasaki syndrome: identification of patients at high risk for development of artery aneurysms. J Pediatr.1984;105:206-11. [ Links ]
11. Stockheim JA, Innocentini N, Shulman ST. Kawasaki disease in older children and adolescents. J Pediatr. 2000;137:250-52. [ Links ]
12. Gomard-Mennesson E, Landron C, Dauphin C, Epaulard O, Petit C, Green L, Roblot P, Lusson JR, Broussolle C, Sève P. Kawasaki disease in adults: report of 10 cases. Medicine (Baltimore). 2010;89(3):149-58. [ Links ]
13. Levy M, Koren G. Atypical Kawasaki disease: analysis of clinical presentation and diagnostic clues. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1990;9:122-26. [ Links ]
14. Burns JC, Mason WH, Glode MP, Shulman ST, Melish ME, Meissner C, Bastian J, Beiser AS, Meyerson HM, Newburger JW. Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of patients referred for evaluation of possible Kawasaki disease. J Pediatr. 1991;118:680-86. [ Links ]
15. Yeo Y, Kim T, Ha K, Jang G, Lee J, Lee K, Son C, Lee J. Incomplete Kawasaki disease in patients younger than 1 year of age: a possible inherent risk factor. Eur J Pediatr. 2009;168:157-62. [ Links ]
16. Kobayashi T, Inoue Y, Takeuchi K, Okada Y, Tamura K, Tomomasa T, Kobayashi T, Morikawa A. Prediction of intravenous immunoglobulin unresponsiveness in patients with Kawasaki disease. Circulation. 2006;113:2606-612. [ Links ]
17. Huang MY, Gupta-Malhotra M, Huang JJ, Syu FK, Huang TY. Acute-phase reactants and a supplemental diagnostic aid for Kawasaki disease. Pediatr Cardiol. 2010;31:1209-13. [ Links ]
18. Crystal MA, Syan SK, Yeung RS, Dipchand AI, McCrindle BW. Echocardiographic and electrocardiographic trends in children with acute Kawasaki disease. Can J Cardiol. 2008;24:776-80. [ Links ]
19. Chalmers D, Corban JG, Moore PP. BCG site inflammation: a useful diagnostic sign in incomplete Kawasaki disease. J Paediatr Child Health. 2008;44:525-26. [ Links ]
20. Korematsu S, Uchiyama S, Miyahara H, Nagakura T, Okazaki N, Kawano T, Kojo M, Izumi T. The characterization of cerebrospinal fluid and serum cytokines in patients with Kawasaki Disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2007;26(8):750-53. [ Links ]
21. Belay, ED, Maddox, RA, Holman, RC, Curns AT, Ballah K, Schonberger LB. Kawasaki syndrome and risk factors for coronary artery abnormalities, United States 1994-2003. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006;25(3):245-49. [ Links ]
22. Manlhiot C, Yeung RS, Clarizia NA, Chahal N, McCrindle BW. Kawasaki disease at the extremes of the age spectrum. Pediatrics. 2009;124(3):e410-15. [ Links ]
23. Barone SR, Pontrelli LR, Krilov LR. The differentiation of classic Kawasaki disease, atypical Kawasaki disease, and acute adenoviral infection: use of clinical features and a rapid direct fluorescent antigen test. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000;154(5):453-56. [ Links ]
24. Pannaraj P, Turner C, Bastian J, Burns J. Failure to diagnose Kawasaki disease at the extremes of the pediatric age range. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004;23(8):789-91. [ Links ]
25. Budnik I, Hirsch T, Fernández CC, Yánez PL, Zamorano RJ. Enfermedad de Kawasaki: una serie clínica. Rev Chilena Infectol. 2011;28(5):416-22. [ Links ]
26. Del Castillo Martin F. Enfermedad de Kawasaki. En: Casado Flores J, Serrano A, editores. Urgencias y tratamiento del niño grave. Madrid: Ergon; 2000. p. 421-26. [ Links ]
27. Eleftheriou D, Levin M, Shingadia D, Tulloh R, Klein NJ, Brogan PA. Management of Kawasaki Disease. Arch Dis Child. 2014;99(1):74-83. [ Links ]
28. Bayary J, Dasgupta S, Misra N, Ephrem A, Duong Van Huyen JP. Intravenous immunoglobulin in autoimmune disorders; an insight into the immunoregulatory mechanisms. Int Immunopharmacol. 2006;6(4):528-34. [ Links ]
29. Burns JC, Capparelli EV, Brown JA, Newburger JW, Glode MP. Intravenous gamma-globulin treatment and retreatment in Kawasaki disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998;17(2):1144-48. [ Links ]
30. Egami K, Muta H, Ishii M, Suda K, Sugahara Y, Iemura M, Matsuishi T. Prediction of resistance to intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in patients with Kawasaki disease. J Pediatr. 2006;149(2):237-40. [ Links ]
31. Kobayashi T, Inoue Y, Takeuchi K, Okada Y, Tamura K, Tomomasa T, Kobayashi T, Morikawa A. Prediction of intravenous immunoglobulin unresponsiveness in patients with Kawasaki disease. Circulation. 2006;113:2606-612. [ Links ]
32. Sano T, Kurotobi S, Matsuzaki K, Yamamoto T, Maki I, Miki K, Kogaki S, Hara J. Prediction of non-responsiveness to standard high-dose gamma-globulin therapy in patients with acute Kawasaki disease before starting initial treatment. Eur J Pediatr. 2007;166(2):131-37. [ Links ]
33. Ogata S, Ogihara Y, Honda T, Kon S, Akiyama K, Ishii M. Corticosteroid pulse combination therapy for refractory Kawasaki disease: a randomized trial. Pediatrics. 2012;129(1):e17-e23. [ Links ]
34. Zhu BH, Lv HT, Sun L, Zhang JM, Cao L, Jia HL, Yan WH, Shen YP. A meta-analysis on the effect of corticosteroid therapy in Kawasaki disease. Eur J Pediatr. 2012;171(3):571-78. [ Links ]
35. Lin, CY, Lin, CC, Hwang, B, Chiang, B. Serial changes of serum interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha among patients with Kawasaki disease. J Pediatr. 1992;121(6):924-26. [ Links ]
36. Burns, JC, Mason, WH, Hauger, SB, Janai H, Bastian JF, Wohrley JD, Balfour I, Shen CA, Michel ED, Shulman ST, Melish ME. Infliximab treatment for refractory Kawasaki syndrome. J Pediatr. 2005;146(5):662-67. [ Links ]
37. Tremoulet AH, Jain S, Jaggi P, Jimenez-Fernandez S, Pancheri JM, Sun X, Kanegaye JT, Kovalchin JP, Printz BF, Ramilo O, Burns JC. Infliximab for intensification of primary therapy for Kawasaki disease: a phase 3 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2014;383(9930):1731-8. [ Links ] doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62298-9. Epub 2014 Feb 24.
38. Hokosaki T, Mori M, Nishizawa T, Nakamura T, Imagawa T, Iwamoto M, Yokota S. Long-term efficacy of plasma exchange treatment for refractory Kawasaki disease. Pediatr Int. 2012;54(1):99-103. [ Links ]
39. Sonoda K, Mori M, Hokosaki T, Yokota S. Infliximab plus plasma exchange rescue therapy in kawasaki disease. J Pediatr. 2014;164(5):1128-1132. [ Links ]
40. Huang SM, Weng KP, Chang JS, Lee WY, Huang SH, Hsieh KS. Effects of statin therapy in children complicated with coronary arterial abnormality late after Kawasaki disease: a pilot study. Circ J. 2008;72(10):1583-87. [ Links ]
2. Manlhiot C, Christie E, McCrindle BW, Rosenberg H, Chahal N, Yeung RS. Complete and incomplete Kawasaki disease: two sides of the same coin. Eur J Pediatr. 2012;171(4):657-62. [ Links ]
3. Tullus K, Marks SD. Vasculitis in children and adolescents: clinical presentation, etiopathogenesis, and treatment. Pediatric Drugs. 2009;11(6):375-80. [ Links ]
4. Kawasaki T. Acute febrile mucocutaneous syndrome with lymphoid involvement with specific desquamation of the fingers and toes in children. Pediatrics. 1967;16(3):178-22. [ Links ]
5. Onouchi Y. Genetics of Kawasaki disease: what we know and don´t know. Circulation Journal. 2012;76(7):1581-86. [ Links ]
6. Schlievert PM. Role of superantigens in human disease. J Infect Dis. 1993;167:997-1002. [ Links ]
7. Sissons JGP. Superantigens and infections disease. Lancet. 1993;341:1627-29. [ Links ]
8. Takahashi K, Oharaseki T, Yokouchi Y. Update on etio and immunopathogenesis of Kawasaki disease. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2014;26(1):31-36. [ Links ]
9. Yanagawa H, Nakamura Y, Yashiro M, Ojima T, Tanihara S, Oki I, Zhang T. Results of the nationwide epidemiologic survey of Kawasaki disease in 1995 and 1996 in Japan. Pediatrics. 1998;102(6):e65. [ Links ]
10. Burns JC, Glode MP, Clarke SH, Wiggins J Jr, Hathaway WE. Coagulopathy and platelet activation in Kawasaki syndrome: identification of patients at high risk for development of artery aneurysms. J Pediatr.1984;105:206-11. [ Links ]
11. Stockheim JA, Innocentini N, Shulman ST. Kawasaki disease in older children and adolescents. J Pediatr. 2000;137:250-52. [ Links ]
12. Gomard-Mennesson E, Landron C, Dauphin C, Epaulard O, Petit C, Green L, Roblot P, Lusson JR, Broussolle C, Sève P. Kawasaki disease in adults: report of 10 cases. Medicine (Baltimore). 2010;89(3):149-58. [ Links ]
13. Levy M, Koren G. Atypical Kawasaki disease: analysis of clinical presentation and diagnostic clues. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1990;9:122-26. [ Links ]
14. Burns JC, Mason WH, Glode MP, Shulman ST, Melish ME, Meissner C, Bastian J, Beiser AS, Meyerson HM, Newburger JW. Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of patients referred for evaluation of possible Kawasaki disease. J Pediatr. 1991;118:680-86. [ Links ]
15. Yeo Y, Kim T, Ha K, Jang G, Lee J, Lee K, Son C, Lee J. Incomplete Kawasaki disease in patients younger than 1 year of age: a possible inherent risk factor. Eur J Pediatr. 2009;168:157-62. [ Links ]
16. Kobayashi T, Inoue Y, Takeuchi K, Okada Y, Tamura K, Tomomasa T, Kobayashi T, Morikawa A. Prediction of intravenous immunoglobulin unresponsiveness in patients with Kawasaki disease. Circulation. 2006;113:2606-612. [ Links ]
17. Huang MY, Gupta-Malhotra M, Huang JJ, Syu FK, Huang TY. Acute-phase reactants and a supplemental diagnostic aid for Kawasaki disease. Pediatr Cardiol. 2010;31:1209-13. [ Links ]
18. Crystal MA, Syan SK, Yeung RS, Dipchand AI, McCrindle BW. Echocardiographic and electrocardiographic trends in children with acute Kawasaki disease. Can J Cardiol. 2008;24:776-80. [ Links ]
19. Chalmers D, Corban JG, Moore PP. BCG site inflammation: a useful diagnostic sign in incomplete Kawasaki disease. J Paediatr Child Health. 2008;44:525-26. [ Links ]
20. Korematsu S, Uchiyama S, Miyahara H, Nagakura T, Okazaki N, Kawano T, Kojo M, Izumi T. The characterization of cerebrospinal fluid and serum cytokines in patients with Kawasaki Disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2007;26(8):750-53. [ Links ]
21. Belay, ED, Maddox, RA, Holman, RC, Curns AT, Ballah K, Schonberger LB. Kawasaki syndrome and risk factors for coronary artery abnormalities, United States 1994-2003. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006;25(3):245-49. [ Links ]
22. Manlhiot C, Yeung RS, Clarizia NA, Chahal N, McCrindle BW. Kawasaki disease at the extremes of the age spectrum. Pediatrics. 2009;124(3):e410-15. [ Links ]
23. Barone SR, Pontrelli LR, Krilov LR. The differentiation of classic Kawasaki disease, atypical Kawasaki disease, and acute adenoviral infection: use of clinical features and a rapid direct fluorescent antigen test. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000;154(5):453-56. [ Links ]
24. Pannaraj P, Turner C, Bastian J, Burns J. Failure to diagnose Kawasaki disease at the extremes of the pediatric age range. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004;23(8):789-91. [ Links ]
25. Budnik I, Hirsch T, Fernández CC, Yánez PL, Zamorano RJ. Enfermedad de Kawasaki: una serie clínica. Rev Chilena Infectol. 2011;28(5):416-22. [ Links ]
26. Del Castillo Martin F. Enfermedad de Kawasaki. En: Casado Flores J, Serrano A, editores. Urgencias y tratamiento del niño grave. Madrid: Ergon; 2000. p. 421-26. [ Links ]
27. Eleftheriou D, Levin M, Shingadia D, Tulloh R, Klein NJ, Brogan PA. Management of Kawasaki Disease. Arch Dis Child. 2014;99(1):74-83. [ Links ]
28. Bayary J, Dasgupta S, Misra N, Ephrem A, Duong Van Huyen JP. Intravenous immunoglobulin in autoimmune disorders; an insight into the immunoregulatory mechanisms. Int Immunopharmacol. 2006;6(4):528-34. [ Links ]
29. Burns JC, Capparelli EV, Brown JA, Newburger JW, Glode MP. Intravenous gamma-globulin treatment and retreatment in Kawasaki disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998;17(2):1144-48. [ Links ]
30. Egami K, Muta H, Ishii M, Suda K, Sugahara Y, Iemura M, Matsuishi T. Prediction of resistance to intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in patients with Kawasaki disease. J Pediatr. 2006;149(2):237-40. [ Links ]
31. Kobayashi T, Inoue Y, Takeuchi K, Okada Y, Tamura K, Tomomasa T, Kobayashi T, Morikawa A. Prediction of intravenous immunoglobulin unresponsiveness in patients with Kawasaki disease. Circulation. 2006;113:2606-612. [ Links ]
32. Sano T, Kurotobi S, Matsuzaki K, Yamamoto T, Maki I, Miki K, Kogaki S, Hara J. Prediction of non-responsiveness to standard high-dose gamma-globulin therapy in patients with acute Kawasaki disease before starting initial treatment. Eur J Pediatr. 2007;166(2):131-37. [ Links ]
33. Ogata S, Ogihara Y, Honda T, Kon S, Akiyama K, Ishii M. Corticosteroid pulse combination therapy for refractory Kawasaki disease: a randomized trial. Pediatrics. 2012;129(1):e17-e23. [ Links ]
34. Zhu BH, Lv HT, Sun L, Zhang JM, Cao L, Jia HL, Yan WH, Shen YP. A meta-analysis on the effect of corticosteroid therapy in Kawasaki disease. Eur J Pediatr. 2012;171(3):571-78. [ Links ]
35. Lin, CY, Lin, CC, Hwang, B, Chiang, B. Serial changes of serum interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha among patients with Kawasaki disease. J Pediatr. 1992;121(6):924-26. [ Links ]
36. Burns, JC, Mason, WH, Hauger, SB, Janai H, Bastian JF, Wohrley JD, Balfour I, Shen CA, Michel ED, Shulman ST, Melish ME. Infliximab treatment for refractory Kawasaki syndrome. J Pediatr. 2005;146(5):662-67. [ Links ]
37. Tremoulet AH, Jain S, Jaggi P, Jimenez-Fernandez S, Pancheri JM, Sun X, Kanegaye JT, Kovalchin JP, Printz BF, Ramilo O, Burns JC. Infliximab for intensification of primary therapy for Kawasaki disease: a phase 3 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2014;383(9930):1731-8. [ Links ] doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62298-9. Epub 2014 Feb 24.
38. Hokosaki T, Mori M, Nishizawa T, Nakamura T, Imagawa T, Iwamoto M, Yokota S. Long-term efficacy of plasma exchange treatment for refractory Kawasaki disease. Pediatr Int. 2012;54(1):99-103. [ Links ]
39. Sonoda K, Mori M, Hokosaki T, Yokota S. Infliximab plus plasma exchange rescue therapy in kawasaki disease. J Pediatr. 2014;164(5):1128-1132. [ Links ]
40. Huang SM, Weng KP, Chang JS, Lee WY, Huang SH, Hsieh KS. Effects of statin therapy in children complicated with coronary arterial abnormality late after Kawasaki disease: a pilot study. Circ J. 2008;72(10):1583-87. [ Links ]
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2017-10-22
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Morel Ayala, Z., & Greco, J. (2017). Enfermedad de Kawasaki. Revisión de la literatura. Pediatría (Asunción), 41(3), 223-234. Recuperado a partir de https://www.revistaspp.org/index.php/pediatria/article/view/142
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